托福閱讀句子簡化題如何快速拆解？備考托福閱讀或即將參加托福閱讀考試的同學(xué)，北京朗閣教育老師為同學(xué)們準(zhǔn)備了一份有關(guān)托福閱讀句子簡化題如何快速拆解分析，有需要的同學(xué)可以了解一下，以下是相關(guān)內(nèi)容介紹：
  本文中，老師就帶領(lǐng)托福考生們來全面了解句子簡化題的考察特點及解題技巧。
  一、關(guān)于句子簡化題
  句子簡化題是托福閱讀的必考題型之一，每篇文章的考察頻次是0-1題，有一定難度。我們先來看一下題目設(shè)置：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
  以上就是句子簡化題的經(jīng)典提問方式，雷打不動的兩句話，我們先研讀一下：以下哪一句話地表達(dá)了強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本/必要信息(essential information)？錯誤選項會在重要方面改變了(change)意思或者遺漏了(leave out)必要信息。通過閱讀題干可知，句子簡化題的正確答案必須表達(dá)出原句的必要信息（即次要信息是可以省略的），錯誤選項和原句相比意思有所遺漏或不一致。我們考生可能會怎么解題呢？步，看原句；第二步，看選項A的句子，比較原句；第三步，看選項B的句子，比較原句……一直到四個選項的句子都看了，也分別和原句進(jìn)行了比較，再挑出一個最符合題干要求的句子嗎？這相當(dāng)于花時間仔細(xì)看五句話，可能還把原句看了不止一遍，既費時間效果也未必多好。
  朗閣海外考試研究中心的老師們在研究了TPO里的上百道句子簡化題真題后，發(fā)現(xiàn)了更加穩(wěn)準(zhǔn)狠的解題技巧——根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系輕松拆解句子簡化題。
  二、句子內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系
  眾所周知，托福是偏學(xué)術(shù)的英語能力考試，其閱讀文章體裁可以統(tǒng)稱為學(xué)術(shù)性文章，這類文章具備說理特質(zhì)，行文講究格式相對固定、邏輯嚴(yán)密。而高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的托福閱讀文章是由句子組成的，托福閱讀的句子自然往往也具備很強(qiáng)的邏輯性。ETS用來考察考生對信息理解的句子更多半是句式復(fù)雜，邏輯清晰，復(fù)合句較多，從句套從句的現(xiàn)象也比比皆是。但換湯不換藥，寫句子是為了說理，自然要有鮮明的邏輯提示詞整合。這就為我們快速拆解句子簡化題提供了思路：尋找考題句中的邏輯關(guān)系，再和選項一一進(jìn)行比較。
  三、真題演練
  1.例題出自TPO 20-2 Early Settlements in Southwest Asia
  Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies,not only at Abu Hureyra,but at many other locations such as'Ain Ghazal,also in Syria,where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering(binding)testify to early herding of domestic stock.
  這句話乍一看包含了多個邏輯關(guān)系詞，其實主干內(nèi)容就是Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies,許多復(fù)雜因素促使了新經(jīng)濟(jì)的采用。所以該句是因果關(guān)系，邏輯提示詞為lead to。Not only…but also可表并列或遞進(jìn)，在句中引導(dǎo)地點狀語，點出不僅發(fā)生在Abu Hureyra,還發(fā)生在其他地方如Ain Ghazal,also in Syria為插入語，補(bǔ)充說明AG也在敘利亞。最后where引導(dǎo)從句提及了早期馴化牲畜的證據(jù)。根據(jù)句子主干的因果關(guān)系，再去排查選項中的邏輯關(guān)系，我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)：
  A.In many areas besides Abu Hureyra,complex factors led to new economies including the herding of domestic stock.因果關(guān)系(led to)
  B.In'Ain Ghazal and Syria,domestic stock was more important than it was at Abu Hureyra.比較關(guān)系(more than)
  C.Once early methods of herding animals improved,new economies were adopted.一……就，表條件（once,相當(dāng)于if）
  D.Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of animals.邏輯順承(attempt to)
  通過瀏覽四個選項，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有A選項句子主干的邏輯是因果關(guān)系，再來仔細(xì)比較其他部分，原句的not only…but also相當(dāng)于A選項里的besides,而原句where引導(dǎo)的從句內(nèi)容在A選項中由including引導(dǎo)出。此外，complex factors,new economies,herding of domestic stock都是原句原詞，所以只通過邏輯關(guān)系就可以迅速選出A答案。
  2.例題出自TPO 24-2 Breathing During Sleeping
  The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because,although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular,with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.這句話的主干是The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM,內(nèi)有比較關(guān)系，意思是（人睡眠在）REM時的空氣交換量較少。主句后面的部分是because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，而在這個從句中本身又是復(fù)合句，嵌套了although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句＋主句。所以總體來看，這句話的邏輯還是因果關(guān)系，邏輯關(guān)系詞是because。再來排查四個選項的邏輯：
  A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM,less air is exchanged in REM.因果關(guān)系(Because)
  B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.因果關(guān)系(because of)
  C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep,breathing often becomes shallow.因果關(guān)系(Because)
  D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing,breathing is more rapid than in NREM.讓步轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(Although)
  快速瀏覽四個選項尋找邏輯提示詞后，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)D選項的句子邏輯是讓步轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(although),直接排除。A、B、C選項的句子邏輯總體上都是因果關(guān)系(Because/because of),這就需要進(jìn)一步篩選。研究原句對于因果關(guān)系的具體展開可知，原句明顯是表結(jié)果的主句較短，而表原因的從句較長。所以根據(jù)句子長短，優(yōu)先看相對容易看出異同的結(jié)果The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM,再來比較A、B、C選項：
  A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM,less air is exchanged in REM.結(jié)果是less air is exchanged in REM和原句結(jié)果The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM相當(dāng)于同義改寫。正確。
  B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.結(jié)果是Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM,NREM時呼吸不及REM高效，換言之，REM時呼吸更高效，可原句比較的不是呼吸是否高效，錯誤。
  C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep,breathing often becomes shallow.結(jié)果是breathing often becomes shallow,這是原文考題中原因狀語從句里提及的內(nèi)容，也不符合，錯誤。
  綜上，正確答案為A選項，保險起見再來比較一下原因部分：
  原句為because,although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular,with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.
  A選項的原因是Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM與原句中it（指代breathing）引導(dǎo)的主句是同義改寫：more shallow and irregular=more irregular,with brief episodes of shallow breathing.邏輯關(guān)系、原因及結(jié)果部分都一致，完全正確。
  3.例題出自TPO 48-3 Climate and Urban Development
  Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside;this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain,brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge.這句話是由分號連接的兩個句子，分號前說Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside,一是研究表明城市降水多于附近鄉(xiāng)村。分號后this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain,brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge.二是這種現(xiàn)象部分是由于城市地形越來越高低不平，這是由高層建筑引起的，導(dǎo)致地表空氣流動緩慢且逐漸聚集。
  可以看出后面的內(nèi)容是在解釋前一句，所以該題也是因果關(guān)系，邏輯提示詞是due to。但是第二句即解釋部分內(nèi)容也說到了內(nèi)部的原因，邏輯提示詞是bring on,再往后看還有cause這樣表結(jié)果的詞，所以這句話中有多重因果關(guān)系。總體的邏輯鏈如下：
  Large structures(cause surface air to slow and gradually converge)→{brought on}the increased roughness of city terrain→{due to}this phenomenon
  分析完原句總體的因果關(guān)系后，我們再來看看選項的邏輯：
  A.Until more studies are done,suggestions about the causes of precipitation in cities will focus on the roughness of terrain rather than on surface air and convergence.做…直到某時(Until)
  B.Certain phenomena of city landscapes,such as large structures,cause surface air to slow and converge,which brings a change in weather patterns to cities and rural areas.因果關(guān)系(cause)
  C.One reason why precipitation may be greater in cities than in the countryside is that large buildings that are found in cities cause surface air to slow and converge.因果關(guān)系(reason)
  D.Studies that focus on large structures,which are only partly responsible for the increased roughness of city terrain,are incomplete in their explanation of increased precipitation.邏輯順承關(guān)系(are)
  瀏覽完四個選項后，可知只有B、C選項的總邏輯為因果關(guān)系，另兩個不再贅敘。因為題目的結(jié)果部分較短，我們再來比較B、C選項的結(jié)果：
  B.Certain phenomena of city landscapes,such as large structures,cause surface air to slow and converge,which brings a change in weather patterns to cities and rural areas.結(jié)果是帶來了對城市鄉(xiāng)村天氣模式的變化，不是題目里的降雨量的多少比較，錯誤。
  C.One reason why precipitation may be greater in cities than in the countryside is that large buildings that are found in cities cause surface air to slow and converge.結(jié)果是precipitation may be greater in cities than in the countryside和題目precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside是同義改寫，正確。
  四、小結(jié)
  1.遇到考察因果關(guān)系的句子簡化題，優(yōu)先通過選項的邏輯提示詞，快速排除部分總邏輯不符的選項，再根據(jù)原句內(nèi)容較短的原因/結(jié)果部分，一一比較剩余選項的相應(yīng)部分。
  2.因果邏輯詞
  表原因：because(of),since,for,due to,result from,as a result of,lie in,冒號
  表結(jié)果：thus,hence,therefore,result in,lead to,so,so…that,bring on/about
  如果還有什么疑問，可以在線咨詢我們的老師。